Non-leaching antimicrobial surfaces through polydopamine bio-inspired coating of quaternary ammonium salts or an ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptide

Bacterial fouling on surfaces significantly increases the resistance of bacteria toward antibiotics, which leads to medical complications and a corresponding financial burden. Here, we report on a general and robust technique for facile modification of various surfaces with different antibacterial agents. Our approach in this study was inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins (MAPs) to many types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Thus, glass and polymeric slides were dip-coated with dopamine, as a MAP mimic, and the resulting surfaces were characterized. The reactivity of dopamine-coated surfaces toward nucleophilic addition was then confirmed by reacting them with fluorescent probes containing either a free amino or a free thiol group. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal Raman microscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies collectively suggested that the probes had covalently attached to the surfaces. Fabrication of dopamine-coated surfaces with an antibacterial quaternary amine or an ultrashort lipopeptide analog generated surfaces that effectively kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells on contact. Moreover, minimal leaching of the fabricated agent was detected after prolonged incubation. This technique could be further developed to a ‘‘paint-like’’ or selfassembling monolayer-like procedure for the preparation of antibacterial surfaces on various materials.